1946 Canadian 10-Cent (Dime) Value Guide
Find out what your 1946 Canadian dime is worth. Complete CAD price guide by grade and finish — circulated silver melt floor to Gem MS-66 and Specimen (SP-65). Includes melt value formula, Zoell Machine Doubling variety guide, and strike quality assessment.
The 1946 Canadian dime is an 80% silver coin containing 0.0600 troy oz of pure silver — so even a heavily worn example has a metal value floor tied to the current silver spot price. In typical circulated condition (F-12 to VF-20), most 1946 dimes trade for approximately ~$6.70 CAD. In Gem Mint State, values reach $190–$250 (MS-65) and $550–$1,300+ (MS-66).
- Found in a drawer / circulated (F-12–VF-20):~$6.70 — silver content is the primary driver
- Extremely Fine (EF-40):~$8.50
- About Uncirculated (AU-50):~$16.00
- Choice Uncirculated (MS-63):$45–$60
- Gem Uncirculated (MS-65):$190–$250
- Superb Gem (MS-66):$550–$1,300+
- Specimen (SP-65, from collector sets):$375–$500+
All values in CAD as of February 2026. The 1946 dime is a silver coin — not nickel, not clad. Use the formula Silver Spot (CAD/oz) × 0.06 to calculate the current melt floor at any spot price. If your coin has a mirror-polished appearance or satin-textured devices with squared rims, it may be a rare Specimen (SP) rather than a high-grade business strike — these are valued on a separate scale. See full value chart →
The 1946 Canadian 10-cent dime is a .800 fine silver coin struck exclusively at the Royal Canadian Mint in Ottawa, bearing Thomas Humphrey Paget's uncrowned portrait of King George VI and Emanuel Hahn's celebrated Bluenose schooner reverse — one of the most enduring design pairings in Commonwealth numismatics. With a mintage of 6,300,066 — a nearly 43% drop from 1945 output reflecting Canada's post-war economic deceleration — the 1946 dime is one of the last Canadian circulation coins to carry the full Imperial legend ET IND:IMP: (Emperor of India) before Indian independence in 1947 rendered the title obsolete. While accessible in worn grades, the 1946 dime is genuinely scarce in Gem Mint State and represents a rewarding challenge for the George VI specialist. For values across all George VI dime years, see our Canadian Dime Value Guide.
Obverse (left): King George VI by T.H. Paget, with the historically significant ET IND:IMP: legend. Reverse (right): Emanuel Hahn's Bluenose schooner under full sail. (Illustration — not a photo of a specific coin)
Note: Errors such as die rotation and die clashes exist for the 1946 dime but are outside the scope of this standard value guide.
1946 Canadian Dime Composition & Melt Value
Alloy Composition: .800 Fine Silver
The 1946 dime is struck in .800 fine silver — an 80% silver, 20% copper alloy that served as Canada's standard for decimal circulation coinage from 1920 through 1967. The copper acts as a hardening agent, making the coin durable enough for commerce. This alloy is distinct from Sterling (.925 silver) used in earlier Canadian coinage and from the .900 silver standard of the contemporary United States coinage.
Silver Content and Melt Value Formula
Each 1946 Canadian dime contains 1.8662 grams (0.0600 troy oz) of pure silver. The melt value floor is calculated as:
Melt Value (CAD) = Silver Spot Price (CAD/oz) × 0.06
Illustrative example from source: At a hypothetical silver spot of $35.00 CAD/oz, a 1946 dime carries approximately $2.10 CAD in metal value.
For current Canadian silver spot prices, consult a live reference such as Canada Gold's live silver price page. Dealers typically sell "junk silver" 1946 dimes at a small premium above melt — approximately 15% — to account for the tradability of fractional silver. In grades EF-40 and above, and especially in Mint State, numismatic value rapidly separates from and far exceeds the intrinsic metal value.
Magnetic Properties
The 80% silver / 20% copper alloy of the 1946 dime is non-magnetic. A magnet will not attract a genuine 1946 Canadian dime. If your coin sticks to a magnet, it is not a genuine .800 silver dime and requires further examination. This is the fastest authentication test available without specialist equipment.
Weight as Diagnostic Tool
A genuine 1946 dime weighs 2.3328 grams with a manufacturing tolerance of approximately ±0.05g. A digital scale accurate to 0.01g can quickly confirm authenticity. While counterfeits of the 1946 dime are uncommon given its modest value, off-metal wrong-planchet errors do exist and would register an anomalous weight.
Toning: The Silver-Copper Chemical Interaction
The 20% copper content is highly reactive to sulfur and oxygen in the environment. Over decades of storage, 1946 dimes frequently develop rich toning in shades of russet, charcoal, deep gunmetal blue, or vibrant rainbow patterns. Desirable toning — vibrant blues, golds, and reds flowing naturally across the surfaces — can meaningfully increase a coin's auction price above catalogue value. Undesirable toning — heavy, uneven black or mottled brown — suppresses value even at the same technical grade. Never attempt to remove toning with polish or acid; this permanently destroys original surfaces and reduces any coin to a "Details" (damaged) grade designation.
⚠️ PVC Damage Risk
Soft, pliable plastic coin flips produced in the 1970s and 1980s release acidic PVC gas that reacts with the copper in the alloy, leaving irreversible green verdigris corrosion on the coin's surface. A 1946 dime stored improperly in PVC flips since the 1980s may be permanently damaged — reducing a Gem specimen to scrap value. Always store 1946 silver dimes in inert Mylar flips or hard plastic capsules.
1946 Canadian Dime Value Chart by Grade & Finish
The 1946 Canadian dime's value breaks into two distinct phases: a silver-price-driven floor for circulated examples, and an exponential numismatic curve beginning at Mint State. All values below are in Canadian dollars (CAD) as of February 2026, sourced primarily from the Coins and Canada George VI dime price guide.
Grade comparison: Fine (F-12, ~$6.70) — flat design details driven by silver melt; About Uncirculated (AU-50, ~$16.00) — numismatic premium emerging; Gem MS-65 ($190–$250) — full cartwheel luster, genuine scarcity. (Illustration — not photos of your specific coin)
1946 Canadian Dime — Circulated Business Strike Values
| Type | G-4 | F-12 | VF-20 | EF-40 | AU-50 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1946 Dime (Business Strike) | Melt + small premium | ~$6.70 | ~$6.70 | ~$8.50 | ~$16.00 |
At G-4, the coin's value is dominated by its 0.0600 troy oz silver content — apply the melt formula (Silver Spot CAD/oz × 0.06) to determine the current floor. Note that F-12 and VF-20 carry identical pricing (~$6.70), reflecting that modest improvement in circulated detail commands little additional collector premium at these grades. Value begins to meaningfully separate from the silver floor at EF-40 and accelerates sharply through AU-50 into Mint State. The high points for wear on the obverse are the King's eyebrow and the hair above the ear; on the reverse, the prow of the Bluenose.
1946 Canadian Dime — Mint State Business Strike Values
| Type | MS-60 | MS-62 | MS-63 | MS-64 | MS-65 | MS-66 | MS-67 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1946 Dime (Business Strike) | $30–$40 | $35–$45 | $45–$60 | $75–$110 | $190–$250 | $550–$1,300+ | $2,000+ (Est.) |
ℹ️ The MS-65 Investment Threshold
The price jump from MS-64 ($75–$110) to MS-65 ($190–$250) reflects genuine condition rarity. Most 1946 dimes that survived decades of circulation and bulk mint-bag handling carry contact marks that prevent a Gem designation. Above MS-65, scarcity is extreme: MS-66 examples are condition-census coins, and MS-67 is a museum-quality prize estimated at $2,000+. Vibrant rainbow toning can push MS-65 and MS-66 examples well beyond catalogue in competitive auction settings. The rise of registry-set competition has further amplified demand for certified top-pop examples.
Strike quality is a meaningful value factor within each Mint State grade tier. A Full Strike 1946 dime — showing complete separation of the jib sails and distinct texture on the mainsail of the Bluenose — commands a premium over a weakly struck example at the same numeric grade. Many 1946 dimes exhibit a "Flat Sail" striking weakness even in fully uncirculated condition; this is not wear, but it does affect desirability. See the Identification Guide for full strike-quality assessment. Additional grade benchmarks are available from the NGC World Coin Price Guide for Canada 10 Cents KM 34 and the NGC alternate listing for this type.
Finish comparison: Business Strike (left) displays cartwheel luster fanning under tilted light, standard rounded rim. Specimen (right) shows mirror-like fields contrasting with satin-textured devices and visibly squared, sharp rims — a deliberately prepared collector coin. (Illustration — not photos of specific coins)
1946 Canadian Dime — Specimen (SP) Values
The RCM struck a very small number of Specimen coins in 1946 for presentation and collector purposes. These are distinct from business strikes in both manufacture and appearance, featuring a satin or matte finish on raised devices against mirror-like recessed fields, with sharply squared rims. The exact Specimen mintage for 1946 is debated, but estimates place it in the low thousands.
| Finish | SP-63 | SP-64 | SP-65 | SP-66+ | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Specimen (SP) | — | — | $375–$500+ | — | Very low mintage. ICCS or PCGS certification strongly recommended — early business strikes from polished dies can superficially resemble Specimens and require expert verification. |
Pricing is available from the referenced source only at SP-65. SP-63, SP-64, and SP-66+ are not provided by the source document and are shown as "—". For auction market context on 1946 Specimen dimes, consult the Geoffrey Bell Auctions Toronto Coin Expo Spring 2021 archive and the TCNC Prominence Sale XI catalogue (November 2024).
Values in CAD represent typical market prices as of February 2026. For the complete Canadian dime denomination price guide across all years and series, see our Canadian Dime Value Guide.
1946 Canadian Dime Varieties: Myths, Realities, and the Zoell Varieties
⚠️ Common Misattributions — Do Not Pay Variety Premiums for These on a 10-Cent Coin
The 1946 dime is frequently misrepresented online. Three celebrated varieties from other denominations are routinely and incorrectly attributed to the 10-cent coin:
- "1946 6/6 Dime" (Repunched Date): The famous 6-over-6 Repunched Date variety belongs exclusively to the 1946 5-cent (nickel) coin. It does not exist on the dime. Listings advertising this on a 10-cent coin almost invariably show machine doubling or ordinary die characteristics.
- "Arrowhead" variety: This die chip variety is also exclusive to the 1946 5-cent coin. The dime's obverse die geometry makes this variety physically impossible on a 10-cent piece.
- "Design in 6" variety: This variety — where the hoof of the Coat of Arms unicorn impinges on the date — belongs exclusively to the 1946 50-cent coin. Because the dime's reverse features the Bluenose schooner rather than the Coat of Arms, this variety is impossible on the 10-cent coin.
For a correct description of what does exist on the 1946 nickel, see the Saskatoon Coin Club's Canadian 5-cent varieties article.
The Zoell Machine Doubling Varieties (The Only Documented Findable Variants)
In the mid-1960s, researcher Hans Zoell catalogued doubling on dates for Canadian dimes from 1938 through 1946 in his publication Major Coin Varieties, originally terming them "Re-entry" varieties. Modern numismatic consensus has reinterpreted Zoell's findings: what he documented is now understood to be Machine Doubling (MD) — caused by a loose die chattering or bouncing slightly during the strike, producing a flat, shelf-like secondary impression of the date numerals.
Machine Doubling is fundamentally different from a genuine Doubled Die (DDO):
- Machine Doubling: The secondary impression is flat and shelf-like, with reduced width on the primary digit. It appears as though the numeral has a raised ledge on one side. Common on 1946 dimes.
- True Doubled Die: The secondary impression is rounded and raised, with the same full relief as the primary design. Extremely rare or unknown for the 1946 dime.
How to look for Zoell Machine Doubling: Examine the date numerals — specifically the 4 and the 6 — under a 10x loupe in raking light. Look for a flat, shelf-like ledge on one edge of the numeral that catches light differently from the primary strike. This is the pickup point documented for the 1946 dime.
Machine Doubling (Zoell variety) on a 1946 Canadian dime date. The flat, shelf-like secondary impression on the '4' and '6' is characteristic of Machine Doubling — not a true doubled die. Collectors of Zoell varieties pay a $5–$20 premium for dramatic examples visible to the naked eye. (Illustration — not a photo of a specific coin)
Market value: Strict grading services (PCGS/NGC) generally do not award a variety premium for Machine Doubling. However, niche collectors of Zoell varieties pay a premium of approximately $5–$20 for 1946 dimes with dramatic, naked-eye-visible doubling on the date. This makes the Zoell variety an affordable and findable target for the intermediate collector. Reference documentation: Calgary Coin's Canadian 10-cent variety and die study page and the George Manz Coins auction catalogue.
Errors (Acknowledged — Out of Scope for This Standard Value Guide)
The 1946 dime is also known to exist with die rotation errors (the reverse rotated relative to the obverse from standard medal alignment) and die clash impressions — sometimes called the "Ghost Ship," where the outline of the Bluenose's sails is transferred to the obverse, or the King's silhouette appears faintly on the reverse field. These are genuine errors with their own collector market, but they fall outside the scope of this standard value guide. If you suspect your coin has a significant die rotation or clash, consult an ICCS-certified specialist.
1946 Canadian Dime Identification Guide
30-Second Identification Checklist
Use this checklist to confirm exactly what you have — and which value table applies to your coin.
Monarch Check: The obverse portrait shows King George VI facing left, sculpted by British medalist Thomas Humphrey Paget. The King is depicted without a crown — an uncrowned portrait considered one of the finest numismatic likenesses of a 20th-century monarch. The obverse legend reads GEORGIVS VI D:G:REX ET IND:IMP: The key diagnostic: the presence of IND:IMP: confirms this is a pre-Indian-independence Imperial-era coin. On worn examples, watch the eyebrow and the hair directly above the ear — these are the first areas to show wear on the Paget portrait.
Reverse Check: Confirm the reverse depicts the Bluenose schooner under full sail, heeling to port (viewer's left) over stylized waves. The legend reads CANADA and 10 CENTS. Designer Emanuel Hahn's initials appear on the coin.
Date Check: The date 1946 appears on the obverse. Under a 10x loupe, examine the 4 and 6 for any flat, shelf-like secondary impression — this indicates a Zoell Machine Doubling variety (see Varieties section for pickup points). The Zoell premium is modest ($5–$20) but findable in circulation rolls.
Edge Check: The edge is reeded (milled). Run a fingernail along the rim — uniform ridges should be felt around the full circumference. A plain edge would indicate a wrong-planchet anomaly.
Magnet Test (Composition Verification): Apply a magnet to the coin. The 1946 dime's 80% silver / 20% copper alloy is non-magnetic — it will not be attracted. If your coin sticks to a magnet, it is not a genuine 1946 silver dime and warrants specialist examination. This is the single fastest authentication check without specialist tools.
Weight Check: A genuine 1946 dime weighs 2.3328 grams (tolerance ±0.05g). Verify with a digital scale accurate to 0.01g. An anomalous weight could indicate a wrong-planchet error or a non-genuine coin.
Mint Mark Check: There are no mint marks on the 1946 Canadian dime. Ottawa was the sole minting facility; standard Canadian practice of this era was to produce circulation coins without facility markings. There is no "O" mark, no "W" mark, and no other mint designation. Any apparent mark is almost certainly a die chip or post-mint damage.
Finish Identification (Critical for Correct Valuation):
- Business Strike (most common): Exhibits cartwheel luster — the coin's reflectivity fans in arcs as you tilt it under a single light source. Contact marks from mint-bag handling are expected and do not constitute damage. This is what the Business Strike value table applies to.
- Specimen (SP) — rare: The raised devices (portrait, lettering, ship) display a satin or matte texture, while the recessed fields are deeply mirror-like. The rim is visibly squarer and sharper than a business strike. A Specimen is not simply a "shiny" coin — it is a deliberately manufactured collector piece. Early business strikes from freshly polished dies can superficially resemble Specimens; ICCS or PCGS certification is required to confirm a true SP designation and the associated premium (SP-65: $375–$500+).
Strike Quality Assessment (Mint State Only): After confirming Mint State condition and finish, assess strike quality on the Bluenose reverse:
- Full Strike: The jib sails show complete separation from each other as distinct triangular forms; the mainsail surface shows internal texture, lines, and relief. A Full Strike commands a meaningful premium within each MS grade tier.
- Flat Sail (Weak Strike): The mainsail is smooth and essentially featureless, and the jib sails may merge together without clear separation. This is a production striking weakness — it is not wear — but it does reduce desirability and can affect technical grade assignment at the higher MS levels.
Full Strike vs. Weak Strike on the 1946 Canadian dime reverse. Left (Full Strike): complete jib sail separation and textured mainsail — commands a premium within grade. Right (Flat Sail): smooth, featureless mainsail from insufficient die pressure — not wear, but affects grade and value. (Illustration — not photos of specific coins)
Toning spectrum on 1946 Canadian silver dimes. Left: desirable vibrant rainbow and blue-gold toning from the silver-copper alloy interaction — can significantly increase auction realizations above catalogue. Right: heavy, uneven dark brown-black toning — generally considered negative and may suppress value even at equivalent technical grades. Never attempt to remove original toning. (Illustration — not photos of specific coins)
⚠️ Never Clean Your 1946 Dime
Cleaning a silver coin with metal polish, acid, ultrasonic cleaners, or abrasives strips the original luster and leaves fine hairlines visible under magnification. A cleaned 1946 dime receives a "Details" (damaged) grade designation from ICCS, PCGS, and NGC, losing virtually all numismatic premium regardless of how sharp the underlying design remains. Attractive original toning — even moderately dark toning — is almost always preferable to a polished-looking cleaned coin.
1946 Canadian Dime Value FAQs
What is a 1946 Canadian dime worth?
Value is almost entirely determined by condition and finish. Circulated examples (F-12 to VF-20) trade for approximately ~$6.70 CAD, driven primarily by the coin's 0.0600 troy oz silver content. At EF-40 value rises to ~$8.50, and AU-50 examples reach ~$16.00. In Mint State, the curve steepens sharply: MS-63 is approximately $45–$60, MS-65 Gem Uncirculated is $190–$250, and the extremely rare MS-66 Superb Gem commands $550–$1,300+. Certified Specimen (SP-65) examples trade at $375–$500+. All values are in CAD as of February 2026.
Is a 1946 Canadian dime silver?
Yes — the 1946 Canadian dime is struck in .800 fine silver (80% silver, 20% copper), containing 1.8662 grams (0.0600 troy oz) of pure silver. Canada used this alloy for circulation dimes from 1920 through 1967, after which silver was removed from Canadian circulation coinage entirely. The fastest verification: apply a magnet. The 80% silver alloy is non-magnetic. If the coin sticks to a magnet, it is not a genuine 1946 silver dime.
What makes a 1946 Canadian dime particularly valuable?
Three factors drive premium value above the silver floor: (1) Grade — the steep value curve above MS-64 reflects genuine condition rarity; most 1946 dimes were circulated heavily or damaged by mint-bag handling, making Gem examples scarce. (2) Strike quality — a Full Strike showing complete jib sail separation and textured mainsail on the Bluenose commands a meaningful premium within each MS grade; many 1946 dimes suffer from a known "Flat Sail" striking weakness even in uncirculated condition. (3) Toning — vibrant rainbow or blue-gold toning from the silver-copper alloy reaction can push an MS-65 or MS-66 example well above catalogue at auction, while heavy dark toning reduces appeal. Registry-set competition for certified top-pop examples further amplifies demand at the highest grade levels.
Is the "1946 dime 6/6" variety real?
No — this is a persistent misattribution. The famous 6-over-6 Repunched Date variety exists on the 1946 5-cent (nickel) coin, not the dime. The "Arrowhead" variety is also exclusive to the 1946 nickel, and the "Design in 6" variety belongs to the 1946 50-cent piece. Online listings for a "1946 6/6 Dime" almost invariably show Machine Doubling or ordinary die characteristics. Do not pay a variety premium for any of these misattributions on a 10-cent coin. The only documented collectible variety on the 1946 dime itself is the Zoell Machine Doubling on the date (see Varieties section), valued at a $5–$20 premium.
What is the difference between a Business Strike and a Specimen 1946 dime?
A Business Strike is a standard production coin showing cartwheel luster — light fans in arcs as you tilt it. A Specimen (SP) is a deliberately prepared collector coin featuring a satin or matte texture on raised devices against deeply mirror-like recessed fields, with visibly sharper, more squared rims. The challenge is that early business strikes from freshly polished dies can superficially resemble Specimens. Because the SP premium is substantial (SP-65: $375–$500+), expert certification by ICCS, PCGS, or NGC is essential before buying or selling a purported Specimen coin.
What is the ET IND:IMP: legend and why does it matter for the 1946 dime?
The Latin abbreviation ET IND:IMP: stands for Et Indiae Imperator — "And Emperor of India" — part of King George VI's full royal title on Commonwealth coinage. India gained independence in August 1947, making the title legally inappropriate thereafter. The dies for 1946 were prepared in advance and the title remained. Even into 1947, the RCM continued using the old IND:IMP dies because replacement master tools had not arrived from London — necessitating the improvised "Maple Leaf" variety issues. The 1946 dime is therefore the final undisturbed production year of the Imperial-era title on Canadian coinage, before the emergency re-tooling that characterized 1947 and the full redesign of 1948.
Should I have my 1946 dime professionally graded?
Professional grading makes economic sense once a coin's market value substantially exceeds the cost of certification. For the 1946 dime, the practical threshold is approximately MS-64 and above: at MS-64 ($75–$110) and MS-65 ($190–$250+), the authentication, protection, and market premium a certified slab provides typically justify the submission fee. For Specimen examples (SP-65: $375–$500+), certification is strongly recommended — the premium is significant and the distinction from a Proof-Like business strike requires expert verification that cannot be reliably made by the untrained eye. In Canada, the ICCS (International Coin Certification Service) is the traditional domestic standard; PCGS and NGC are US-based alternatives with broad international market recognition for Canadian coins, and their holders tend to command strong premiums in competitive auction settings. For circulated examples in F through AU grades, certification is generally not economically justified.
Why is the mainsail on my 1946 dime flat even though the coin looks uncirculated?
This is a striking weakness, not wear. Emanuel Hahn's Bluenose reverse presents a known production challenge: the broad, flat expanse of the mainsail requires substantial die pressure to fill completely with metal. In 1946, a combination of post-war press fatigue and high-volume output meant many planchets received insufficient striking pressure. A coin with a smooth, featureless mainsail can still be technically uncirculated — it simply never received a strong enough blow from the dies. Graders are expected to distinguish flat-sail striking weakness from wear (wear thins the metal at high points and dulls luster; a weak strike simply lacks detail without removing surface metal). A genuine Full Strike 1946 dime commands a meaningful premium over a flat-sail example at the same numeric Mint State grade.
How does the 1946 dime compare to neighboring years in the George VI series?
The 1946 dime occupies a mid-range position in the George VI series. Compared to 1945 (higher mintage, more common in low grades), the 1946 typically commands a slight premium in Gem grades. Compared to 1947, the picture is more nuanced — a standard 1946 outperforms a standard 1947 Plain, but the famous 1947 Maple Leaf and Dot varieties exceed the 1946 in value. The 1948 remains the key date of the series with a mintage of only 422,741; even a low-grade 1948 dime represents a different value tier entirely. The 1946 is therefore best characterized as a solid collectible with accessible circulated examples and a genuinely challenging high-grade market.
Methodology & Sources
Values in this guide reflect typical market prices as of February 2026. Primary pricing source: Coins and Canada — 10 Cents 1937–1952 price guide. Grade benchmarks supplemented by the NGC World Coin Price Guide for Canada 10 Cents KM 34 and the NGC alternate listing for this type. Coin specifications sourced from the Royal Canadian Mint official 10-cent reference and Numista (KM 34 entry). Variety context drawn from the Calgary Coin Canadian 10-cent variety and die study, the George Manz Coins auction catalogue (Zoell variety documentation), and the Saskatoon Coin Club 5-cent varieties article (for misattribution context). Auction market context informed by Geoffrey Bell Auctions (Toronto Coin Expo Spring 2021) and the TCNC Prominence Sale XI (November 2024). The Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins is the definitive reference for Canadian variety attribution. Values represent typical market prices and will fluctuate with silver spot prices and auction demand. Errors are out of scope for this guide.
A note on images: To help illustrate coin diagnostics and rare varieties — especially complex errors that are difficult to describe in text alone — this guide uses AI-generated images. All written values, diagnostics, and variety attributions have been manually reviewed against the cited sources above. While our editorial team works to ensure every image is accurate and helpful, AI-generated illustrations may occasionally misrepresent fine details. If you spot any discrepancy between an image and its written description, please contact us or leave a comment below — we review all feedback and correct errors promptly. Numismatic knowledge is a community effort, and your input helps us build a more accurate resource for everyone.