2002 Canadian 1-Cent (Penny) Value Guide β€” 1952–2002 Golden Jubilee

What is your 2002 Canadian penny worth? Complete CAD price guide covering the 'No P' zinc cent, 'P' steel cent, Proof-Like, Specimen, and Proof varieties by grade. Includes composition identification, magnet test guide, and market context for this unique Golden Jubilee commemorative.

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Quick Answer

Most 2002 Canadian pennies are worth face value in circulated condition. In top certified grades, values reach $50–$60 CAD for the two main circulation varieties, and up to $200–$300 CAD or more for rare MS-68 condition rarities sought by registry set builders.

  • Circulated β€” any type (G–AU): Face value ($0.01)
  • MS-65 Red, "No P" (Zinc core):$4.00
  • MS-65 Red, "P" (Steel core):$6.00
  • MS-67 Red, "No P":$50.00
  • MS-67 Red, "P":$60.00
  • Proof-Like (PL-67):$35.00
  • Specimen (SP-67):$45.00
  • Proof β€” Solid Bronze (PR-67):$60.00

Three quick checks: (1) Found in change? Face value regardless of variety. (2) Shiny or mirror-like? Almost certainly a Proof-Like or Specimen issue from a collector set β€” not a rare high-grade circulation strike. (3) Is it silver? No β€” the 2002 penny is copper-plated zinc or copper-plated steel; the Proof version is solid bronze. Neither contains silver. Look below the Queen's neck: a small "P" = copper-plated steel (magnetic); no mark = copper-plated zinc (non-magnetic). All values in CAD as of 2025–2026. See full value chart β†’

The 2002 Canadian penny is a one-year-type coin issued to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II β€” the 50th anniversary of her accession to the throne β€” displaying the commemorative dual dates 1952–2002 on the obverse rather than the reverse, where Canadians had found the date for decades. Beyond its commemorative significance, 2002 is a landmark transition year: the Royal Canadian Mint simultaneously struck pennies on legacy copper-plated zinc planchets (no "P" mark, non-magnetic) and its newer copper-plated steel planchets (bearing a "P" mark, magnetic), creating two wholly distinct varieties in the same year. The Canadian penny was withdrawn from circulation on February 4, 2013, making the 2002 cent part of a closed, collectible series. For the full denomination history, see our Canadian Penny Value Guide.

Note: Production errors including planchet mismatch varieties exist for the 2002 penny but are outside the scope of this standard value guide.

2002 Canadian penny obverse showing dual date 1952-2002 and Queen Elizabeth II diademed portrait, alongside reverse showing maple leaf twig with no date present

2002 Canadian penny β€” obverse (left) showing the Golden Jubilee dual dates 1952–2002 below Dora de PΓ©dery-Hunt's diademed portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, and reverse (right) showing the Kruger-Gray maple leaf twig with no date present.

2002 Canadian Penny Composition Guide: "P" vs "No P" Varieties

The 2002 penny is unique in that it was produced in three distinct compositions across its circulation and collector issues. Identifying which version you have is the essential first step before assigning any value above face.

The "No P" Variety β€” Copper-Plated Zinc (CPZ)

2002 "No P" Specifications (Charlton RC-267)
Core: 98.4% Zinc, 1.6% Copper plating | Weight: 2.25 g | Diameter: 19.05 mm | Plain edge | Non-magnetic | No composition mark

The "No P" cent uses a copper-plated zinc core, the same planchet technology the Mint had relied on since 1997. Zinc is chemically reactive: when the thin copper plating is scratched or dinged, the exposed core reacts with atmospheric moisture, producing the dreaded "zinc rot" β€” dark bubbling spots that permanently damage the surface and reduce the coin to face value regardless of original grade. High-quality, spot-free examples are increasingly scarce as these coins age. Storage in low-humidity conditions with desiccants and inert holders is strongly recommended. See the Edmonton Numismatic Society's analysis of the CPZ-to-CPS transition era for additional technical context.

The "P" Variety β€” Copper-Plated Steel (CPS)

2002 "P" Specifications (Charlton RC-280)
Core: 94% Steel, 1.5% Nickel, 4.5% Copper plating | Weight: 2.35 g | Diameter: 19.05 mm | Plain edge | Magnetic | "P" mark below bust truncation

The small letter "P" below the Queen's neck does not indicate a Proof finish or a Winnipeg mint facility β€” it stands for Plated (or PlaquΓ© in French), advertising the Mint's new Multi-Ply Plated Steel (CPS) technology to the world and helping vending machine operators calibrate for the new magnetic signature. The steel core is far more durable than zinc, with lower corrosion risk, and the CPS strikes are generally considered to have a sharper, crisper appearance. If the plating is breached at the rim, steel rust is possible, though less destructive than zinc rot.

The Proof β€” Solid Bronze

2002 Proof Specifications
Solid Bronze | Weight: 2.50 g | Diameter: 19.05 mm | Plain edge | Non-magnetic | No "P" mark | Mintage: 32,642 (Standard Proof Set)

The Proof penny included in the 2002 Silver Proof Set is struck in solid bronze β€” not silver β€” despite the set's name. It carries no "P" mark and is non-magnetic. Its heavier weight (2.50 g vs 2.25 g for zinc) is a useful physical diagnostic. Some sources reference a silver-core variant for a small subset of proof issues; however, for practical collecting purposes, the standard 2002 Proof penny is solid bronze. If you suspect a significantly heavier example, consult a specialist.

Close-up comparison of the 2002 Canadian penny showing the P composition mark variety versus the No P zinc variety below Queen Elizabeth II's neck truncation

Close-up comparison of the area below Queen Elizabeth II's neck truncation. Left: the "No P" (zinc) variety β€” empty field. Right: the "P" (steel) variety β€” small "P" composition mark visible. (Illustration β€” not a photo of your exact coin)

⚠️ Melt Value

No melt value is calculated in the source data for this guide. The 2002 penny's numismatic value in high grades far exceeds any intrinsic metal content, and base metal values are subject to spot price fluctuation.

Magnet test demonstration for 2002 Canadian penny showing steel P variety sticking to magnet versus zinc No P variety falling away

The magnet test is the fastest field diagnostic for the 2002 penny. A coin with a "P" mark that does not stick to a strong magnet, or a "No P" coin that does stick, may indicate a significant production anomaly β€” consult a specialist.

2002 Canadian Penny Value Chart by Grade & Finish

All values are in Canadian Dollars (CAD) and reflect typical retail market prices as of 2025–2026 for problem-free, uncleaned examples. For MS-63 and above, prices assume Full Red (RD) color designation. Coins that have toned to Red-Brown (RB) or Brown (BN) trade at a significant discount β€” in some cases reverting to near face value even in technically uncirculated grades. Third-party certification from NGC, ICCS, or PCGS is strongly recommended for any coin expected to trade above $10 CAD.

2002 Canadian Penny β€” Business Strike (Circulation)

TypeCharlton RefMagnetic?Circulated (G–AU)MS-63 RedMS-65 RedMS-66 RedMS-67 Red
2002 "No P" β€” Copper-Plated ZincRC-267NoFace Value$0.25$4.00$15.00$50.00
2002 "P" β€” Copper-Plated SteelRC-280YesFace Value$0.50$6.00$20.00$60.00

ℹ️ MS-68 Condition Rarity

MS-67 Red examples are attainable for both varieties. However, coins grading MS-68 Red represent a genuine condition rarity driven by registry set competition. MS-68 examples can trade for $200–$300 CAD or more at auction, a dramatic jump from MS-67 prices, depending on eye appeal and bidding intensity. Third-party certification is required to substantiate these grades.

The "P" steel variety commands a modest premium over the "No P" zinc variety at equivalent grades β€” a reflection of both the higher strike quality typical of the CPS planchets and the lower circulation mintage of approximately 114,212,000 versus the majority of the combined 830,040,000 total. Both varieties are abundant enough that circulated examples trade at face value. The numismatic premium activates sharply at the MS-65 Red threshold and compounds steeply at MS-67.

⚠️ Never Clean Your Coins

Cleaning a 2002 penny β€” even gently β€” strips the original luster and leaves hairlines visible under magnification. A cleaned coin is graded "Details" (damaged) by ICCS, PCGS, and NGC and loses all numismatic premium regardless of its underlying detail. The Red color designation and thus nearly all collector value is destroyed by cleaning.

Four surface finish types of the 2002 Canadian penny: Business Strike cartwheel luster, Proof-Like mirror fields, Specimen lined matte fields, and Proof deep mirror with frosted devices

The four surface types of the 2002 Canadian penny: Business Strike (cartwheel luster), Proof-Like (semi-reflective mirror fields), Specimen (lined/matte fields with brilliant devices), and Proof Bronze (deeply mirrored fields with heavily frosted white devices). (Illustration β€” not a photo of your exact coin)

2002 Canadian Penny β€” Collector Finishes (PL, SP, and Proof)

All three collector finishes for the 2002 penny were struck on copper-plated steel (magnetic, "P" mark) β€” except the Proof, which is solid bronze (non-magnetic, no mark). PL coins are typically graded on the PL63–PL67 scale by ICCS; SP coins on the SP63–SP67 scale; and Proof coins on the PR63–PR70 scale. The table below follows the source document's grade presentation for comparability.

FinishSource SetCompositionMagnetic?Set Mintage-63-65-66-67
Proof-Like (PL)Uncirculated Coin SetCopper-Plated SteelYesβ€”$1.00$3.00$10.00$35.00
Specimen (SP)Specimen Set (Family of Loons)Copper-Plated SteelYes67,672$2.00$5.00$15.00$45.00
Proof (PR) β€” BronzeSilver Proof SetSolid BronzeNo32,642$5.00$10.00$25.00$60.00

⚠️ PVC Damage Risk (Proof-Like Sets)

Proof-Like coins stored long-term in their original pliofilm (cellophane) packaging may develop green PVC residue. If you see any green film or slime on your 2002 PL penny, it requires professional conservation using pure acetone β€” do not use nail polish remover or household cleaners. PVC-damaged coins revert to face or melt value.

ℹ️ PL Set Contamination

With large quantities of Uncirculated sets produced each year and widely sold through retail, many 2002-P pennies with semi-mirror Proof-Like surfaces have been broken out of packaging and circulate among dealer stocks. A "shiny" 2002 penny found loose is almost certainly a PL coin, not a rare high-grade Business Strike. Dealers routinely discount raw "Uncirculated" 2002 cents for this reason.

Grade progression comparison of the 2002 P Canadian penny from heavily circulated G4 through MS-63, MS-65 Red Gem, and MS-67 Red Superb Gem

Grade progression for the 2002 "P" Canadian penny: heavily circulated (G4, face value) through MS-63 Red, MS-65 Red (Gem), and MS-67 Red (Superb Gem). The value cliff between MS-65 and MS-67 is significant. (Illustration β€” not a photo of your exact coin)

All values in CAD represent typical retail market prices as of 2025–2026. For the complete denomination price guide, see our Canadian Penny Value Guide.

Most Valuable 2002 Canadian Penny Varieties

Unlike many Canadian coin years where a single dominant variety drives all collector interest, the 2002 penny offers multiple legitimate collecting axes: two composition varieties in circulation, three collector finishes, and a condition rarity ceiling that rewards patient graders. The following covers the non-error varieties documented in market data.

A. Trophy-Level: The MS-68 Red Condition Rarity

The most financially impactful variety status for the standard 2002 penny is not a die or planchet type β€” it is the MS-68 Red condition designation. Registry set competition between advanced collectors on PCGS and NGC platforms has created extraordinary demand for the finest-known examples of modern Canadian coins, including this Jubilee issue. While MS-67 Red examples of both the "No P" and "P" varieties trade in the $50–$60 CAD range, an MS-68 Red coin can realize $200–$300 CAD or more at auction β€” a three-to-five times premium for a single grade point. This jump is driven entirely by population scarcity at the top tier, not by the coin's historical significance. Third-party certification is non-negotiable for these values; raw coins rarely command MS-68 prices regardless of appearance. See the West Edmonton Coin & Stamp listing for an ICCS MS-67 Red 2002-P example for a reference point on market pricing.

B. The Composition Divide: "No P" vs "P"

For general collectors, the most findable and meaningful variety distinction is between the two intentionally produced circulation types. The "No P" zinc variety (Charlton RC-267) represents the numerically dominant production of the year, while the "P" steel variety (Charlton RC-280) accounts for approximately 114,212,000 of the 830,040,000 combined circulation mintage β€” making it statistically less common at issue, though still abundantly available. In top grades, the "P" steel variety consistently commands slightly higher values due to its typically sharper strike and lower susceptibility to surface damage. The Numista catalogues maintain separate entries for both varieties: the non-magnetic "No P" (Numista #423) and the magnetic "P" (Numista #155561).

C. The Specimen Set Variety (SP) β€” Lowest Mintage Collector Issue

Among the standard collector formats, the 2002 Specimen penny carries the lowest issue quantity of any non-Proof finish: 67,672 sets. The Specimen finish β€” with its characteristic lined (matte) background fields contrasting with brilliant, mirror-like relief devices β€” is unique to the Royal Canadian Mint and is visually distinct from both the Proof-Like and Proof finishes. See dealer references at Colonial Acres Coins (Specimen Set) and Coins Unlimited for current market context.

D. The Proof (Bronze) β€” Cameo Contrast and Set Context

The 2002 Proof penny is the only standard 2002 cent struck in solid bronze (2.50 g, non-magnetic, no "P"). With a mintage of 32,642 and a designated Ultra Heavy Cameo (UHC/DCAM) finish β€” deeply mirrored black fields against frosted white devices β€” these coins appeal to both cameo contrast collectors and set completists. Colonial Acres lists the 2002 Proof cent as a standalone collector item. The Proof set mintage is lower than the Specimen set mintage, making Proof pennies statistically less common in the collector ecosystem.

E. Production Errors (Text Note Only)

Production errors exist for this year, most notably planchet mismatch varieties arising from the concurrent zinc-and-steel transition in the Mint's striking operations. These errors are outside the scope of this standard value guide. A separate error coin guide covers such varieties.

2002 Canadian Penny Identification Guide

Follow this 30-second checklist to determine exactly which 2002 penny you have before consulting the value chart.

  1. Monarch Check: The obverse features Dora de PΓ©dery-Hunt's diademed effigy of Queen Elizabeth II β€” the Third Portrait (1990–2002), the first Canadian-designed royal effigy on domestic coinage. The Queen faces right and wears the King George IV State Diadem, a necklace, and earrings. The legend reads ELIZABETH II DΒ·GΒ·REGINA. If your coin shows a different portrait style, it is not a 2002 issue.

  2. Date Check β€” Look at the OBVERSE, Not the Reverse: The year appears on the obverse as 1952–2002 at the bottom of the coin, below the effigy. There is no date on the reverse. This commonly causes confusion β€” many Canadians first see the reverse maple leaf and believe they have a dateless error. They do not. The date moved to the obverse for the Golden Jubilee year specifically.

  3. Reverse Check: The reverse shows the two-maple-leaf twig designed by George E. Kruger-Gray (initials K.G. appear to the right of the stem). The text reads CANADA at the bottom and 1 CENT at the top. No date. This design has been in use since 1937 and is a continuity anchor across multiple composition eras.

  4. "P" Mark Check β€” The Critical Step for Composition: Examine the area directly below the truncation of the Queen's neck.

    • Small letter "P" present: Copper-Plated Steel (CPS). The coin should be magnetic.
    • Empty space (no mark): Copper-Plated Zinc (CPZ) circulation strike, OR a solid bronze Proof (no "P" either).
    • If there is no "P" and the coin has deep mirror fields with heavy frosting, it is likely the Proof bronze variety β€” confirm with weight (2.50 g) and non-magnetic test.

  5. Magnet Test β€” Composition Verification: Hold a strong magnet (a neodymium/rare-earth magnet is best) near the coin:

    • "P" coin sticks to magnet: Standard copper-plated steel. Proceed to condition check.
    • "No P" coin does NOT stick: Standard copper-plated zinc. Proceed to condition check.
    • "P" coin does NOT stick: Anomaly. Verify weight (should be 2.25 g vs expected 2.35 g). Consult a specialist β€” this may indicate a significant production anomaly outside this guide's scope.
    • "No P" coin DOES stick: Anomaly. Verify weight (should be 2.35 g). Consult a specialist.

  6. Weight Test β€” Secondary Diagnostic: Using a digital scale accurate to 0.01 g:

    • 2.25 g: "No P" copper-plated zinc (standard).
    • 2.35 g: "P" copper-plated steel (standard).
    • 2.50 g: Solid bronze Proof.
    A coin with a weight that does not match its visual identification warrants expert examination.

  7. Finish Identification:

    • Business Strike: Cartwheel luster rotating under light; minor handling marks are normal from bank rolls.
    • Proof-Like (PL): Semi-reflective or mirror-like fields; sharper than typical circulation coins; often found loose after being broken from cellophane/pliofilm packaging.
    • Specimen (SP): Distinctive lined (matte) background with brilliant mirror-like relief devices β€” a "reverse proof-like" effect unique to RCM production. Sharp, squared rims. Found in the 2002 "Family of Loons" leatherette set.
    • Proof (PR): Deeply mirrored black fields with heavily frosted white devices (Ultra Heavy Cameo / DCAM). Solid bronze. Found in the Silver Proof Set packaging.

  8. Zinc Rot Check ("No P" coins only): Under moderate magnification, examine the coin for dark bubbling spots, especially near the rim or any scratches. Zinc rot is irreversible and eliminates numismatic premium.

ℹ️ The "No Date on the Reverse" Phenomenon

When the 2002 penny entered circulation, the RCM and coin dealers received a wave of inquiries from citizens believing they had found rare "no date" error pennies. The coin is entirely standard β€” the date simply moved to the obverse for the Golden Jubilee commemorative year. If someone tells you their 2002 penny has no date, instruct them to flip it over.

For further variety research across the transition era, the Edmonton Numismatic Society's article on 1990s–2000s cent varieties and the Calgary Coin modern cent reference are both useful Tier 2 resources.

Close-up of zinc rot damage on a copper-plated zinc Canadian penny showing dark bubbling spots caused by atmospheric moisture penetrating the copper plating

Example of zinc rot on a copper-plated zinc penny β€” dark bubbling spots caused by atmospheric moisture penetrating microscopic plating breaks. This damage is irreversible and eliminates all numismatic premium regardless of original grade. (Illustration β€” not a photo of your exact coin)

2002 Canadian penny reverse showing maple leaf twig design with no date, with annotation showing where the date would normally appear on pre-2002 pennies and where it moved on the Golden Jubilee issue

The 2002 Canadian penny reverse showing the Kruger-Gray maple leaf twig, "CANADA" and "1 CENT" β€” but no date. The date "1952–2002" appears on the obverse only, a feature unique to the Golden Jubilee issue. (Illustration β€” not a photo of your exact coin)

2002 Canadian Penny Value FAQs

What is a 2002 Canadian penny worth?

Most circulated 2002 Canadian pennies β€” whether the "No P" zinc or "P" steel variety β€” are worth face value ($0.01 CAD). The numismatic premium activates at the MS-65 Red threshold, where values reach $4.00 (No P) or $6.00 (P), and compounds sharply at MS-67 Red ($50.00 and $60.00 respectively). Collector finishes (PL, SP, Proof) carry their own value scales independent of circulation grade. All values are in CAD as of 2025–2026.

Why does my 2002 penny have no date on the back?

This is the most common point of confusion about the 2002 penny. For the Golden Jubilee commemorative year, the Royal Canadian Mint moved the date from the reverse (where Canadians had found it since 1937) to the obverse, displaying it as the dual date "1952–2002" below the Queen's portrait. The reverse shows only the maple leaf twig, "CANADA," and "1 CENT." Your coin is entirely standard β€” there is no error.

What does the "P" mean on my 2002 penny?

The small "P" below the Queen's neck truncation stands for Plated (or PlaquΓ© in French) and indicates that the coin was struck using the Royal Canadian Mint's proprietary Multi-Ply Plated Steel (CPS) technology. It is not a traditional mint mark, a Proof designation, or a Winnipeg facility indicator β€” it identifies the copper-plated steel composition. Coins with the "P" are magnetic; coins without it are not (for standard issues).

Is a 2002 Canadian penny rare?

As a circulation coin, no β€” the combined mintage of 830,040,000 makes circulated examples extremely common. However, three circumstances elevate rarity: (1) Gem condition (MS-67 Red or MS-68 Red) β€” extremely difficult to find problem-free after decades in collections; (2) The Specimen finish β€” only 67,672 sets produced; and (3) the Proof bronze β€” 32,642 sets. Additionally, production anomalies exist but are outside this guide's scope.

Is my 2002 Canadian penny silver?

No. The 2002 circulation penny is either copper-plated zinc ("No P") or copper-plated steel ("P"). The Proof penny included in the 2002 Silver Proof Set is struck in solid bronze, not silver β€” despite the set name referring to the other denominations inside. No standard 2002 penny contains any silver content. If you have a noticeably heavier Proof-quality 2002 cent (approaching or exceeding 2.50 g), consult a numismatic specialist.

What is the difference between the Proof-Like (PL) and Specimen (SP) finishes?

Both are collector finishes struck on copper-plated steel planchets with the "P" mark. The Proof-Like penny comes from the annual Uncirculated Coin Set and features semi-reflective mirror fields with a brilliant appearance β€” a step above business strikes but below full Proof quality. The Specimen penny comes from the 2002 "Family of Loons" set (67,672 sets) and has a distinctive lined or matte background with brilliant mirror-like relief devices β€” essentially a "reverse proof-like" effect unique to RCM Specimen production. The Specimen commands higher values at equivalent grades due to both lower mintage and the more specialized finish.

How do I tell if my 2002 penny is from a collector set?

Apply two tests: (1) Surface appearance β€” Business Strike coins show cartwheel luster; PL coins show mirror-like or semi-mirror fields; SP coins show lined/matte fields with brilliant devices. (2) Strike sharpness β€” collector coins are struck with extra care and show sharper details and squared rims compared to typical circulation examples. A raw "shiny" 2002 penny is almost certainly a PL issue broken from its original packaging, not a high-grade business strike from a bank roll.

Should I get my 2002 penny graded?

Grading fees from ICCS, PCGS, or NGC typically start around $30–$50 CAD per coin, with additional submission and shipping costs. This means grading is only economically justified for coins that genuinely appear to grade MS-66 Red or better ($15–$20+) or collector finish examples at SP-66 or higher. ICCS is the Canadian standard and is highly liquid in domestic markets; PCGS and NGC are preferred by international collectors and registry set participants. A PCGS MS-67 Red may carry a premium over an ICCS MS-67 Red in cross-border transactions.

What makes an MS-67 or MS-68 2002 penny so valuable?

Registry set competition is the primary driver. Collectors building the highest-rated sets of Canadian coinage on PCGS and NGC platforms compete aggressively for the finest-known examples. Because millions of 2002 pennies were struck and circulated, finding a pristine Full Red example that escaped all contact marks, environmental exposure, and storage damage is genuinely difficult β€” the population of certified MS-68 examples is extremely thin. This scarcity at the top tier creates the dramatic value cliff between MS-67 ($50–$60 CAD) and MS-68 ($200–$300 CAD or more).

How do I store my 2002 "No P" zinc penny to prevent zinc rot?

The copper-plated zinc core is chemically reactive. Any breach in the thin copper plating β€” a scratch, rim ding, or microscopic plating hole β€” exposes the zinc to atmospheric moisture, causing irreversible dark bubbling ("zinc rot"). Store "No P" pennies in inert, acid-free holders (SAFLIP or equivalent), in a low-humidity environment with desiccant packets, away from fluctuating temperatures. Never store in cardboard 2Γ—2 holders with PVC flips. Once zinc rot begins, no conservation process can reverse the damage.

Methodology & Sources

Values in this guide reflect retail market data compiled for 2025–2026 from the following sources: NGC World Coin Price Guide (Canada Cent KM 445); the Calgary Coin modern cent reference; the Edmonton Numismatic Society cent variety analysis; the Royal Canadian Mint official mintage data; Numista catalogue entries #423 (non-magnetic) and #155561 (magnetic); Colonial Acres Coins (Specimen Set); Colonial Acres Coins (Proof Cent); and the Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins. Values represent typical retail and are not guarantees of future performance. Market prices for high-grade registry coins are particularly volatile and should be verified against current auction results before any transaction.

A note on images: To help illustrate coin diagnostics and rare varieties β€” especially complex errors that are difficult to describe in text alone β€” this guide uses AI-generated images. All written values, diagnostics, and variety attributions have been manually reviewed against the cited sources above. While our editorial team works to ensure every image is accurate and helpful, AI-generated illustrations may occasionally misrepresent fine details. If you spot any discrepancy between an image and its written description, please contact us or leave a comment below β€” we review all feedback and correct errors promptly. Numismatic knowledge is a community effort, and your input helps us build a more accurate resource for everyone.